Austrian Royalty and Palaces

Austria

Mar 24

Written By Rica

http://prezi.com/kjqyvsuuuttj/austrian-palaces-and-royalty/This is what I did my presentation on. Its on prezi.com the link is above and below are my notes and a bit of an overview of Austria.Roman Beginnings

Arrived in 200 BC- and were fully settled in 15 BC
Set up a modern administration and built roads, temples, and towns
Some towns derived from Celtic settlements
LINZ-
VINDOBONA- today’s Vienna- set up camp here
IUVAVUM- Salzburg > more sophisticated Roman city
Carnuntum is today’s Lower Austria and was the capital of the roman province
2^nd century Christianity became more popular. Christianity the state religion by Emperor Constantine- and gradually the Roman power faded.
Rome was weakened in 476 by…..
Germanic King Odoaker took the city in 476, succeeded by Theoderich

Babenberg Rule (976-1246)

Monastic lifestyle
- Policy of deforestation, construction, and the support of intellectual and cultural life. Economy boomed, gained power within the German Empire and their capitals
- Leopold von Babenberg
  - Extensive feudal possessions of the Babenberg family
  - Duchy of Austria
  - Dynasty was established in Pochlarn, Melk (lower Austria)
  - 12^th century Henry II moved residence to Vienna ever since Cathedral of st. Stephan completed, visible landmark of the city
  - Count Leopold III- Holy Roman Empire of German Nation
    - Saint Leopold
    - Married Agnes von Hohenstaufer, relative of emperor of German Empire
    - Emperor Freidrich I-granted the Babenberg’s “Privilegium minus”
      - Manifesto that guaranteed Austria the status of a duchy and autonomy in many issues
      - 1^st Duke of Austria- Henry II Jasomirgott “if God will”
      - Vienna capital of Austria in 1156
        
        Gained rule of country of Styria 1192
        
        Leopold VI- “Glorious”
        
        Gothic culture and architecture- brought the greatest power
        
        Ended in 1246 with Duke Freidrich II “Quarrelsome”. Was childless
        
        Interregnum “ between rules”
        
        King of Bohemia, Ottokar I, gained control of Austria
        
        Rudolf von Habsburg- where it started it all “Habsburg dynasty”
        
        Challenges King of Bohemia, Ottokar II (1252-1278) in the battle of the Marchfeld, to establish himself as Duke of Austria and Styria- two sons married the Duchies of Austria and Styria
        
        House of Habsburg-oldest dynasty in the history of mankind

Habsburg Rule (1278-1919)

Cycles of consolidation, peaks and blooms of power, struggles with crisis
Influence and power through strategic alliances by marriage
Became emperors in the late 15^th century- settle hassles original lands in today’s Switzerland (Habsburg Castle) lost in War
Rudolf IV- “The Founder”
- Founded the University of Vienna
- “Privilegium Maius”
- Emperor Friedrich III
  - “validated” fake Privilegium Maius in 1452
    - Transferring more rights, autonomy and independence to Austria
Close alliance of the Holy Roman Empire with the Pope
Maximilian I
- Duke of Austria and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
  - Married Maria of Burgundy died young
  - Married Princess Anne of Bretagne
  - “May others fight wars-you, happy Austria, marry!”
Strategic marriage policy “Philip the Handsome”
- Son married Princess Johanna of Castilia and Aragon- Spain inherited Naples and Sicily Sardinia
- Karl V- crowned in 1519
- Karl V- resigned in 1555
  - Split the Habsburg family into 2 lines, lands were so vast:
    - Austria- all Emperors and Holy Roman Empire until 1806
    - Spanish- ruled Spain and its Empire until 1700
    - Ferdinand I- became responsible for Austria
      - Princess of Bohemia and Hungary
      - Direct line after the inheritance of Bohemia and Hungary between the Habsburg and Turkish lands (1529, 1^st siege in Vienna)
      - Complex struggle for power, with religious ideas, started in the Habsburg empire
      - Centerpiece of their realm was the Imperial Palace in Vienna
      - Ruled Austria, bohemia, Hungary, Netherland, Spain, many smaller European principalities
      - Between 1550-1700 was a very significant time for Austrian history
        
        The reformation, counterreformation, 30-years war and the Turkish Wars, caused them( Austrians) to convert to Protestantism
        
        3,000 family members over 16 generations inbreeding through consanguineous marriages “Habsburg jaw”

Turkish Sieges

Had an affect on the physical and building structure of the city drastically
1529 1^st siege of Vienna- but didn’t expect the cold and got frost bitten
200 years of little civil wars
1683- 2^nd siege of Vienna on September 12
- Kara Mustafa had been preparing since March, was planning to put the city under siege in July
- By June, had invaded Austria and King Leopold fled to Passau
- Holy Roman Empire and Polish forces attacked from behind of the Turkish army, causing them a devastating defeat. Turks against Polish, Germans and Austrians
- Jan III Sobieski
  - Planned the 13^th to attack, surprised Kara Mustafa
  - Savior of the whole Europe from the Ottoman Turks
  - Lead the attack and won the war for Vienna for Polish, Venice and Russia
  - Returned to being catholic and the Turkish threat faded. By 1718, wealth in Austria increased rapidly
    - Baroque period shaped the country in architecture, arts, and lifestyle
Poland, Venice, and Russia joined the Habsburg Empire in repelling the Turks
Prince Eugene of Savoy
- Command of the imperial forces was given to him won control of all but a small portion of Hungary by 1699
- Belvedere
  - Schloss Belvedere Palace and Art Museum
  - Upper Belvedere
  - Lower Belvedere-smaller, more personal, connected to the country’s finest Baroque gardens
  - World’s largest Klimt collection
  - National icon in 1955 after Chancellor Leopold Figl represented the signed Stadtsvertrag treat to the cheering crowds on the balcony of the Upper Belvedere
  - Last Habsburg to formally reside in the Upper Belvedere was Archduke Franz Ferdinand
  - Baroque boom time period
    - Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt
    - Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach

18^th- 19^th century

18^th- baroque city transformed Schoenbrunn
- Shaped the country in architecture, arts and lifestyle
- Schonbrunn (World Cultural Heritage)
  - Schloss Schonbrunn Palace
  - Modeled after Versailles near Paris
  - Peak of Austria’s Baroque glory
  - Built over several decades in the 18^th century
  - Summer residence of the Habsburgs decided by Austria’s mother of the nation, Empress Maria Theresia
    - Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlack- Baroque architecture
    - most visited attraction that Austria has to offer
    - Features
      - Formal gardens, a zoo, and botanical gardens
      - Franz Joseph I- last proper emperor to live there
      - Empress Maria Theresia (1717-1780) Habsburg holdings were reformed and united
        
        Became a “mother of the nation”
        
        Habsburgs’ power peaked once again in 1700
        
        Last Habsburg of the Spanish line died
        
        Emperor Joseph I
        
        Was of succession German Empire and France under Louis XIV
        
        Karl VI- in 1713 gives up Spain for Netherlands, Naples, and Lombardy. Victory against the Turks later added North of Bosnia and Serbia
        
        Last male Habsburg
        
        Established contracts to accept a female heir
        
        Pragmatic sanction- 1^st constitution- like declaration
        
        For his daughter, Empress Maria Theresia
40 year rule- “enlightened absolutism” (1740)
Formalized the rights of the Austrian monarch
Established a legal basis for the Austrian Hungarian dualism, modernized military
Emperor Joseph II (1765)
- Steadily modernize and stabilize the country
- Political power-peak under 3 main people Karl VI, Maria, Joseph II
- French Revolution defeated Napoleon were involved
- Napoleonic Wars- 19^th century Austria and Salzburg got involved
- Vienna Congress in 1814- after the “Battle of the Nations” in 1813
- Vienna Congress 1814- Austria lost its Swabian possession, gained Salzburg; Habsburg family members ruled various countries in central Italy. Political map was redrawn
- March 1848 Year of Revolution- constitution for freedom of speech and the press
  - 1^st parliament of Austria formed

Expansion under Emperor Franz Joseph I (1848-1916)

Followed Ferdinand I
Consolidated his power and reversed all previously granted civil rights. Concentrated on internal, Austrian affairs
Married to Elizabeth (Sisi)
- She was killed in 1898 by an Italian anarchist
- And was the icon of the dying Habsburg monarch
- Habsburgs knew in the 19^th century the end of the empire was near
- Austria and Hungary- extensive sovereignty for Hungary
- Emperor and Empress- King and Queen of Hungary on June 8^th 1867
  - Western-Austrian Rule Eastern-Hungary Rule
  - 1867- K &K Kaiserlich and Koniglich
    - Imperial and Royal Austria and Hungary
    - Conservatives- Catholic belief and monarchy
    - Socialists- anti-clerical, internationalist, opposed the nobility
    - Liberals-intellectuals with strong views on civil rights, democracy and equality- anti-clerical and nationalist
    - Had to grant more and more freedom (autonomy and representation)
    - Economy, culture and intellectual life of Vienna late 19^th century and 20^th century boomed. “End of the Century.”
    - One of the world’s biggest cities (bigger than today, with about 2.5 million) in 1910-2.03
    - Vienna University was among the top schools
    - arts and sciences was a great big position in society
    - Art Nouveau/ Jugendstil was added to Vienna 1900
      - Later expressionism deep impact
      - Hofburg Palace- fake power and impress the crowds- Austro-Hungarian Empire until 1918
        
        Court Castle
        
        Imperial Palace for the Habsburg for several centuries
        
        1400-1918- Holy Roman Empire, Austro- Hungarian Empire
        
        Largely built in the 19^th century developed piece by piece
        
        Gigantism of the architecture
        
        Oldest part date back to the 13^th century
        
        2 parks, Austrian National Library
        
        Schatzkammer Imperial Treasury
        
        Crown of Rudolf II Imperial Crown of Austria
        
        Library- 80 metres long- biggest Baroque library in the world
        
        Nephew Franz Ferdinand June 28, 1914
        
        Was assassinated by Gavilo Princip. and his wife Sarajevo
        
        Sophia von Chotkaua Duchess of Hohenburg

WWI

Most devastating Europe had seen
WWI (1914-1918)
Reasons:
- Assassinations
- Powers
- Nationalism over Europe
- Greed
- 1^st with modern warfare and large-scale trenches
- Austria-Hungary ended in disaster
- 1916- Franz Joseph I died
  - Karl I- became the last Austrian- Hungarian Emperor
  - 1917- Italy changed the lines
    - Austria high losses in the southern part of the Alps
    - 1918- empire fell apart
      - 1^st republic- German-Austria
      - 1933 fall of parliament
      - Karl I- tried to transform it into a federation of nations with democratic structures
        
        Never resigned formally- (mostly why he and his family were kicked out of Austria)
        
        1919- name changed to “Republic of Austria”-Habsburg reign ended in 1919
        
        Suffered badly from inflation, unemployment and the loss of a national identity
        
        Austria turned into a Republic
        
        1921- Separated from the surrounding Lower Austrian and became a state of its own
        
        Federal republic with 9 federal provinces
        
        Vorarlberg, Tirol, Salzburg, Upper Austria, Carinthia, Lower Austria, Wien, Styria, Burgenland

austriababenberg familyemperor franz Joseph Iempress Maria theresiahabsburg familypalaces

Rica

Austrian Royalty and Palaces

Train ticket to the other side

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